STDs While Pregnant

Key Takeaways

• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) / sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are extremely common, affecting approximately 20% of the U.S. population.
• Certain STDs can pass to a baby during childbirth, so it’s important to seek immediate treatment for an STD while pregnant to reduce risks.
• Proper treatment and open communication with your sexual partner and doctor are key to ensure a healthy pregnancy despite a positive STD test.

What Are STDs/STIs?

Pregnancy is an exciting and sometimes overwhelming journey. One important aspect of this journey is understanding how sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can impact fertility and pregnancy.A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also called a sexually transmitted disease (STD), is a virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite passed along to others primarily through sexual contact. STDs can be passed through pregnancy, childbirth, and contact with infected blood – so prevention and treatment are key.STDs are incredibly common, affecting approximately 1 in 5 people according to Contemporary OB/GYN. In fact, numbers continue to rise, with dramatic increases noted in chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Congenital syphilis cases (meaning instances of syphilis since birth) have skyrocketed by nearly 800% in recent years.

The Impact of STDs While Pregnant

STDs can pose health risks to pregnant people, just like they do to those who aren't pregnant.  However, STDs can also have serious consequences for the health of the unborn baby.

Below we take a closer look at common STDs and how they can impact pregnancy.

• Chlamydia and GonorrheaDuring pregnancy, untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Preterm birth (born before 37 weeks) can create long-term developmental and health problems in children, and it’s also the leading cause of infant death.Chlamydia and gonorrhea can also affect future fertility if left untreated. In females, they may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can cause scarring in the fallopian tubes. This scarring can block the passage of eggs, making it harder to conceive.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)HPV is a viral infection that can cause genital warts and is linked to cervical cancer. Pregnant individuals with HPV should continue regular screenings and follow their healthcare provider’s recommendations. Most pregnant people with HPV have healthy pregnancies, but close monitoring is essential.
• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)HSV can be transmitted to the baby during childbirth. If you have genital herpes, your healthcare provider will discuss options to reduce the risk of transmission. Cesarean delivery may be recommended if active lesions are present at the time of delivery.
• SyphilisSyphilis during pregnancy can lead to serious consequences. If left untreated, it can be transmitted to the baby, potentially leading to stillbirth, permanent damage, and other complications. Early detection and treatment are crucial for a healthy pregnancy.

How Are STDs Diagnosed While Pregnant?

In most cases, your doctor will test for common STDs when you’re pregnant to determine what, if any, risks there might be of passing along an infection to the baby. This test usually requires either a blood or urine sample.If you have new sexual partners during pregnancy or suspect exposure to an STD from your current partner, it’s crucial to get retested. Depending on your situation and healthcare provider, you may undergo additional testing before delivery to ensure existing STDs are addressed and safe delivery provisions are in place.The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists now recommends universal syphilis screening for all pregnant individuals.  This includes testing at the initial prenatal visit, during the third trimester, and again at birth.  By screening everyone who’s expecting, healthcare providers can identify and treat syphilis early, reducing the risk of complications for both mother and child. 

What Are Symptoms of STDs?

Those with STIs/STDs can experience different symptoms, and each case may present slightly differently than the next. Furthermore, STDs don’t always cause symptoms or may only result in mild symptoms. As a result, it’s possible for someone to have an infection without being aware of it. Even without noticeable symptoms, STIs can still be harmful and may be transmitted during sexual activity.Below are some of the most common symptoms that patients notice, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Chlamydia

Patients experience pain or a burning sensation during urination; encounter abdominal or lower back pain; notice discharge from the penis or vagina; develop a fever; or feel discomfort in the vagina, testicles, or rectum.

Gonorrhea

Individuals observe cloudy or bloody discharge from the vagina, penis, or anus; feel pain or burning during urination; experience discomfort during bowel movements; detect itching around the anus; or  witness heavy bleeding during or between periods.

Genital Herpes

Patients observe small, open sores on the genitals or rectum; feel pain and itching around the genitals and rectum; or experience vaginal discharge.

HPV

People with HPV notice small warts on or around the genitals (sometimes with a cauliflower appearance); feel itching and discomfort in the pelvic region; or encounter bleeding during sex.

Syphilis

Patients develop a rash anywhere on the body (typically without itching); experience fever, sore throat, and fatigue; have headaches and swollen lymph nodes; or notice weight loss or sudden baldness.

STD Treatment While Pregnant

When it comes to treating STDs during pregnancy, the approach is generally similar to non-pregnant individuals. However, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any medication to determine the best options for your specific needs. 

Most antibiotics used to treat STIs are safe for pregnant people, too. Some antibiotics are considered safer during pregnancy, and your doctor will consider factors like how far along you are.

Furthermore, treating STIs often involves addressing both the parent and the child. For instance, according to Verywell Health, if a mother has gonorrhea, she may receive oral antibiotics, and her baby might receive antibiotic eye ointment after birth.

If you suspect you have an STI or have been exposed to one, reach out to your healthcare provider promptly. They can guide you on appropriate treatment options based on your situation. Timely treatment is crucial to protect both your health and your baby’s well-being. 

STI Prevention While Pregnant

 When it comes to preventing STIs / STDs, there are several strategies you can consider:

• Abstinence: Abstaining from vaginal, anal, or oral sex is the only way to completely avoid STIs. However, for most people, this isn’t necessary as long as other precautions are taken, like these listed by the CDC.

• Regular Testing: Regular STI testing is essential for safer sex, even if you consistently use protection like condoms and feel well. Many people with STIs don’t have symptoms, so testing is the only way to know for sure whether you’re infected. It also helps protect your partner by ensuring early detection and treatment.

• Barrier Methods: When having sex, using barrier methods like condoms, internal condoms, and dental dams can significantly reduce the risk of transmission. These barriers protect you and your partner from sexual fluids and some skin-to-skin contact, which can both spread STIs. However, it’s important to note that condoms may not fully prevent infections like genital herpes and HPV, which can spread through skin contact in uncovered areas.

• Partner Communication: If you’re in a monogamous relationship, the risk of acquiring a new STI is generally low. However, discussing STI testing with your partner can provide peace of mind. Both of you can get tested to ensure there’s no unnecessary risk to either of you or the baby.

The Bottom Line

If you have an STD or believe you may have been exposed to one, contact your healthcare provider as soon as possible to discuss possible treatment options that will be best for you and your pregnancy.

San Diego Fertility Center is committed to supporting your reproductive health journey. If you have questions about STDs and the impact on your fertility or pregnancy, our compassionate, board certified experts can help. Contact us today at (858) 794-6363 for a personalized evaluation.

This blog is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice.  Please consult with your physician or a qualified healthcare provider for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.